What causes gynecomastia?

Gynecomastia often results from an imbalance between estrogen and androgen hormones. Men naturally produce estrogen in small amounts, regulating breast growth. Excessive estrogen production or low testosterone levels (hypogonadism) can lead to breast enlargement.

In some cases, individuals with obesity may develop enlarged breasts due to excess fatty tissue, termed pseudogynecomastia.

What conditions cause gynecomastia?

Male breast enlargement can be caused by various conditions, such as:

• Adrenal tumors.
• Alcohol abuse.
• Kidney disease or failure.
• Klinefelter syndrome (a genetic condition).
• Liver disorders.
• Thyroid issues.

What medications or drugs cause gynecomastia?

Medications used for various conditions can lead to gynecomastia, including:

• Treatment for anxiety and depression.
• Management of bacterial and fungal infections.
• Enlarged prostate medications.
• Heartburn and stomach ulcer treatments.
• Heart failure and hypertension medications.
• Male infertility drugs like human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG).
• Substance abuse drugs such as methadone.

Certain substances can also cause breast swelling, including:

• Amphetamines, marijuana, and opioids.
• Anabolic steroids used for muscle building.
• Lavender and tea tree oils found in herbal supplements and skincare products.

How is gynecomastia managed or treated?

Not everyone with gynecomastia requires treatment. If a medication or substance is causing breast enlargement, discontinuing or changing the drug may be necessary. Treating the underlying disease can also resolve swelling.

Others opt for breast reduction surgery, where a plastic surgeon removes excess breast tissue to reduce size.